为何靠中国政府撑腰的比亚迪开辟加拿大市场撞了南墙（观点）

加拿大最近宣布对中国电动汽车（EV）征收100%的附加税，这一消息震惊了整个汽车行业。加拿大称此举旨在打击中国汽车制造商在全球市场上所享有的“不公平优势”。该政策将于2024年10月1日生效，为像比亚迪（BYD，意为“打造你的梦想”）这样在西方市场积极扩张的公司设置了一个巨大的障碍。创业于1995年作为一家小型电池制造商的比亚迪出身低微，但却迅速攀升至电动汽车行业顶峰。 其成长发迹历程被誉为具有长远目光的成功典范。但不要被其耀眼光环所蒙蔽，比亚迪的成功之路并非一条凭借自我努力，改革创新，独立发展的故事。

Canada’s recent announcement of a 100% surtax on Chinese electric vehicles (EVs) has sent shockwaves through the automotive industry, targeting what it describes as an “unfair advantage” enjoyed by Chinese automakers in the global market. This move, effective October 1, 2024, places a substantial obstacle in the path of companies like BYD (Build Your Dreams), which has been on an aggressive expansion spree in Western markets. BYD’s story, starting from its modest beginnings as a small battery manufacturer in 1995, is often presented as a tale of visionary success. But let’s not kid ourselves—its rapid rise to the top of the EV world was anything but an organic journey.

比亚迪从一家电池公司转型为汽车业巨头，不仅仅是依靠市场洞察力和创新。该公司在2000年代初迅速转向汽车行业，正值全球对电动汽车的需求开始增长之际。然而，这一飞跃并不仅仅是由企业家精神推动的, 而是得益于中国政府立志在干净科技领域取得主导地位和实现”中华梦“的宏伟野心。

BYD’s transformation from a battery company to an automotive powerhouse was not just driven by market insight and innovation. The company quickly pivoted to the automotive sector in the early 2000s, just as the global appetite for electric vehicles was beginning to grow. However, this leap wasn’t fueled purely by entrepreneurial spirit; it was supercharged by China’s grand vision of the "Chinese Dream"—an unyielding ambition to dominate in clean technology.

以积极产业政策著称的中国政府在支持像比亚迪这样的本土公司方面发挥了重要作用。根据多项汽车行业分析报告，比亚迪受益于一系列国家支持政策，包括补贴、税收优惠和财政拨款。这些国家政策使得比亚迪得以迅速扩展规模，全面管理供应链，并将产品出售价降至许多国际竞争对手难以匹敌的价位。这种战略支持是比亚迪能够积极扩张并在全球电动汽车市场保持强势地位的关键因素。

The Chinese government, known for its proactive industrial policies, has played a significant role in supporting domestic companies like BYD. According to industry analysts and various reports, BYD has benefited from a range of state-backed measures, including subsidies, tax breaks, and financial incentives. These supports have enabled the company to scale rapidly, manage its supply chain comprehensively, and set competitive prices that many international competitors have struggled to match. This strategic backing has been a key factor in BYD's ability to expand aggressively and maintain a strong position in the global EV market.

这种国家支持的战略取得了一些令人印象深刻的成果，虽然这些结果并不完全令人意外。比亚迪并不满足于仅仅征服中国市场——它的目标直指全球主导地位。到2023年，它已经成为全球最大的电动汽车销售商，销量超过三百万辆，同比增长了62%，超过了特斯拉。在中国市场，比亚迪取代了长期以来在卓越汽车领域颇负盛名，在中国已经蝉联了至少15年的销量冠军的大众汽车。然而，比亚迪的成功并不限于其本土市场；公司积极扩展到以色列、新加坡、泰国和澳大利亚等地，通过低价压制竞争对手并迅速获得了显著的市场份额。在去年开始在欧洲销售汽车的比亚迪，计划进一步提升销量，甚至在巴西、匈牙利和泰国等国开设新工厂，凸显通过将国家资助价格低廉产品充斥全球市场的宏伟计划。

This state-backed strategy has yielded some impressive, albeit not entirely surprising, results. BYD wasn’t content with just conquering the Chinese market—it aimed squarely at global domination. By 2023, it had ascended to the position of the world’s largest seller of electric vehicles, surpassing even Tesla, with sales of over three million vehicles—a 62% increase from the previous year. In China, BYD dethroned Volkswagen, a brand long synonymous with automotive excellence, which had been the top-selling vehicle brand for at least 15 years. BYD’s success wasn’t limited to its home turf; the company aggressively expanded into markets like Israel, Singapore, Thailand, and Australia, where it quickly established a strong presence by underpricing competitors and capturing significant market share. In Europe, where it began selling vehicles last year, BYD was planning to ramp up sales and even open new factories in countries like Brazil, Hungary, and Thailand. It was all part of a grand plan to flood the global market with its affordable, subsidy-backed vehicles.

然而，比亚迪在西方市场的激进扩张并非不受西方国家的阻止。美国对来自低成本、国家支持的竞争对手威胁其本土产业早已提高了警惕，已经对中国汽车进口征收了高额关税。欧盟同样对可能出现的大量补贴车辆涌入感到担忧，正在对中国这家电动汽车制造商进行调查，并考虑实施关税。而目前，加拿大也加入了这一行列，对中国制造的电动汽车征收100%的附加税，这一举措将会严重扰乱比亚迪在北美扩展的计划。

However, BYD's aggressive march into the Western markets has not gone unnoticed—or unchallenged. The United States, wary of the influx of cheap, state-backed competitors threatening its own industries, had already imposed steep tariffs on Chinese auto imports. The European Union, too, alarmed by the potential flood of heavily subsidized vehicles, has been investigating Chinese EV manufacturers and contemplating its own set of tariffs. And now, Canada has thrown its hat into the ring with a 100% surtax on Chinese-made EVs, a move that could seriously disrupt BYD’s plans for expansion in North America.

面对西方市场的阻力，比亚迪不得不重新考虑其营销和增长策略。曾经是“中华梦想”代言人的比亚迪如今发现自己处在一个十字路口，其通向全球主导地位的道路突然变得忐忑不平。对于比亚迪来说，这次激进扩张正在面临一个新的障碍，一个巨大的、来自加拿大的障碍。

As BYD faces this unexpected headwind, it will have to rethink its strategies for market entry and growth. The company that was once the poster child for the "Chinese Dream" now finds itself at a crossroads, with its path to global dominance suddenly looking a lot less certain. For BYD, the aggressive expansion might be hitting a new speed bump—a big, Canadian-sized one.